Sometimes the author of a source you are using (indirect source) may quote or paraphrase another source (original source). For example, the article you are reading was written by Kirkey, but they included a quotation by Smith that you would like to use in your essay.
The basic rule is that you would cite the source you are using in both your Reference list and in-text citation. Using the example, you would cite the work by Kirkey and not Smith. To help identify that the quote or paraphrase is from another author's work, you will add the words "as cited in" to your in-text citation.
If the publication year of the original source is known, include the year in your in-text citation. In the following examples, Kirkey's article (published in 2013) cited an article written by Smith, the original source, which was published in 2011.
| In-text citation examples: Paraphrase |
According to a study by Smith (2011, as cited in Kirkey, 2013) 42% of doctors would refuse to perform legal euthanasia. A study found that 42% of doctors would refuse to perform legal euthanasia (Smith, 2011, as cited in Kirkey, 2013). |
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| In-text citation examples: Direct Quote |
Smith (2011, as cited in Kirkey, 2013) states that “even if euthanasia was legal, 42% of doctors would be against this method of assisted dying” (p. 34). A study found that “even if euthanasia was legal, 42% of doctors would be against this method of assisted dying” (Smith, 2011, as cited in Kirkey, 2013, p. 34). |
| Reference list citation example | Kirkey, S. (2013, February 9). Euthanasia. The Montreal Gazette. |
If the publication year of the original source is unknown, you may exclude it from the in-text citation. In the following examples, Kirkey's article (published in 2013) cited an original source written by Smith which has an unknown publication year.
| In-text citation examples: Paraphrase |
According to a study by Smith (as cited in Kirkey, 2013) 42% of doctors would refuse to perform legal euthanasia. A study found that 42% of doctors would refuse to perform legal euthanasia (Smith, as cited in Kirkey, 2013). |
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| In-text citation examples: Direct Quote |
Smith (as cited in Kirkey, 2013) states that “even if euthanasia was legal, 42% of doctors would be against this method of assisted dying” (p. 34). A study found that “even if euthanasia was legal, 42% of doctors would be against this method of assisted dying” (Smith, as cited in Kirkey, 2013, p. 34). |
| Reference list citation example | Kirkey, S. (2013, February 9). Euthanasia. The Montreal Gazette. |